A literature review offers a summary, and sometimes a commentary, on a certain set of published works all pertaining to the same topic.
It often highlights the connections between specific articles or books and highlights how authors impact and build off of each other. Sometimes these reviews offer the author's opinion on the published works, while at other times they present the information in a neutral manner.
Because "literature review" contains the word "literature", most people assume this is something you would find in an English course. That is not necessarily the case!
Literature reviews are conducted in every field. For example:
In general, all fields have large bodies of published work, so a literature review could be assigned in pretty much any course, especially at the upper levels.